john adams wiki

[221] In contrast, Adams had a rocky relationship with his mother, due to her high expectations of him, and her fear that her children would follow in the footsteps of her brother, who died from alcoholism. Rather than seek election by the legislature, Adams withdrew his name from contention, and the legislature selected Davis. He quickly established a productive working relationship with Russian official Nikolay Rumyantsev and eventually befriended Tsar Alexander I of Russia. [49], After a difficult passage through the Baltic Sea, Adams arrived in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg in October 1809. [175], The Anti-Masonic Party nominated Adams in the 1833 Massachusetts gubernatorial election in a four-way race between Adams, the National Republican candidate, the Democratic candidate, and a candidate of the Working Men's Party. [58], The U.S. and Spain had signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo in 1795, setting the border with the Spanish territory of Louisiana. Adams's parents disapproved of his decision to marry a woman who had grown up in England, but he informed his parents that he would not reconsider his decision. Taxpayers in eastern Pennsylvania resisted federal tax collectors, and in March 1799 the bloodless Fries's Rebellion broke out. [147] However, the funding for a delegation and the confirmation of delegation nominees became entangled in a political battle over Adams's domestic policies, with opponents such as Van Buren impeding the process of confirming a delegation. Economics also drove the divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, as Federalists sought financial ties with England, while many Democratic-Republicans feared the influence of English creditors. He added, optimistically, "Although there is some cause to apprehend that accommodations are not now so complete as might be wished, yet there is great reason to believe that this inconvenience will cease with the present session." az Egyesült Államok első alelnöke (1789–1797) és második elnöke (1797–1801). Adams was denounced in the South, and he received little credit for the tariff in the North. [35], On his return to the United States, Adams re-established a legal practice in Boston, and in April 1802 he was elected to the Massachusetts Senate. After Adams supported the Embargo Act of 1807, the Federalist-controlled Massachusetts legislature elected Adams's successor several months before the end of his term and Adams resigned from the Senate shortly thereafter. John Adams began offering the IB Program in May, 2006. [32] In 1799, Adams negotiated a new trade agreement between the United States and Prussia, though he was never able to complete an agreement with Sweden. Adams's devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues, and he would remain inspired by those rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation were eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. The 1824 presidential election was contested by Adams, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay, all of whom were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. [187] The annexation of Texas became the central issue of the 1844 presidential election, and Southerners blocked the nomination of Van Buren at the 1844 Democratic National Convention due to the latter's opposition to annexation; the party instead nominated James K. Polk, an acolyte of Andrew Jackson. Instead, Adams urged Monroe to publicly declare United States opposition to any European attempt to colonize or re-take control of territory in the Americas, while also committing the United States to neutrality in European affairs. He also helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine, which became a key tenet of U.S. foreign policy. In that role, Adams negotiated the Adams–Onís Treaty, which provided for the American acquisition of Florida. Fue abogado, diplomático, teórico político y líder del movimiento por la independencia de los Estados Unidos. Though Adams had only recently broken with the Federalist Party, his support of Jefferson's foreign policy had earned him goodwill with the Madison Administration. [47] It became apparent that Hamilton was truly in charge due to Washington's advanced years. Hamilton's scheme was undone, however, when several New England state electors heard of it, conferred, and agreed not to vote for Pinckney. Adams was appointed chairman of a special committee that explored impeaching Tyler, and Adams presented a scathing report of Tyler that argued that his actions warranted impeachment. [121] Aside from Clay, Adams lacked strong supporters outside of the North, and Edward Everett, John Taylor, and Daniel Webster served as his strongest advocates in Congress. [55] Negotiations finally began in mid-1814 in Ghent, where Adams, Gallatin, and Bayard were joined by two additional American delegates, Jonathan Russell and former Speaker of the House Henry Clay. Though some worried about the constitutionality of such federal projects, Adams argued that the General Welfare Clause provided for broad constitutional authority. He was accused of insanity and marital infidelity. Since him, only four out-going presidents (having served a full term) have not attended their successors' inaugurations. He frequently attempted to present anti-slavery petitions, often in ways that provoked strong reactions from Southern representatives. In 1818, Adams was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.[5]. However, other historians have emphasized that the acts were employed for political targeting from the outset, causing many aliens to leave the country. John Adams, known as Jack Adams (4 July 1767 – 5 March 1829), was the last survivor of the Bounty mutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790, the year after the mutiny. [48] Adams was well-qualified for the role after his experiences in Europe generally and Russia specifically. [174] After the crisis, Adams increasingly came to believe that Southerners exercised an undue degree of influence over the federal government, largely through their control of Jackson's Democratic Party. Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard. Adams went before the Supreme Court on behalf of African slaves who had revolted and seized the Spanish ship Amistad. Other historians have cited evidence that the Alien and Sedition Acts were rarely enforced: only 10 convictions under the Sedition Act have been identified; Adams never signed a deportation order; and the sources of expressed furor over the acts were Democratic-Republicans. [128] Though Jackson did not articulate a detailed political platform in the same way that Adams did, his coalition was united in opposition to Adams's reliance on government planning. In 1829, British scientist James Smithson died, and he left his fortune for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge". Adams was appalled by the Nullification Crisis's outcome, as he felt that the Southern states had unfairly benefited from challenging federal law. of any U.S. Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams. When it was first perceived, in early times, that no middle course for America remained between unlimited submission to a foreign legislature and a total independence of its claims, men of reflection were less apprehensive of danger from the formidable power of fleets and armies they must determine to resist than from those contests and dissensions which would certainly arise concerning the forms of government to be instituted over the whole and over the parts of this extensive country. The subsequent trial of Fries gained wide national attention, and Adams pardoned Fries and two others after they were sentenced to be executed for treason. John Adams (born October 9, 1951) is a dedicated fan of the Cleveland Indians, a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio.Adams has played his bass drum in the bleacher seats during nearly every Indians home game since 1973, which has brought him notoriety and recognition from the Indians and other organizations. Having avoided war with both France and Spain, the Adams administration oversaw the implementation of the Treaty of San Lorenzo. [90] Adams nearly swept the electoral votes of New England and won a majority of the electoral votes in New York, but he won a total of just six electoral votes from the slave states. [73][74], After being swept out of power in 1800 by Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party, Federalists focused their hopes for the survival of the republic upon the federal judiciary. [140] In 1825, Britain banned United States trade with the British West Indies, dealing a blow to Adams's prestige. [60] With the aid of Clay and Gallatin, Adams negotiated a limited trade agreement with Britain. He served as the second President of the United States (1797–1801), the first Vice President (1789–97), [1] and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain. [146] Clay and Adams hoped that the conference would inaugurate a "Good Neighborhood Policy" among the independent states of the Americas. It establishes false estimates of virtue and vice: for what can be more false and heartless than this doctrine which makes the first and holiest rights of humanity to depend upon the color of the skin? [109] Some in the South feared that Adams was secretly an abolitionist and that he sought to subordinate the states to the federal government. [61] In pursuit of national unity, newly elected president James Monroe decided a Northerner would be optimal for the position of Secretary of State, and he chose the respected and experienced Adams for the role. [77] Adams was deeply interested in establishing American control over the Oregon Country, partly because he believed that control of that region would spur trade with Asia. As Adams filled these new positions during the final days of his presidency, opposition newspapers and politicians soon began referring to the appointees as "midnight judges." [212], His original interment was temporary, in the public vault at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Later, he was interred in the family burial ground in Quincy, Massachusetts, across from the First Parish Church, called Hancock Cemetery. In mid-1812, the United States declared war against Britain, beginning the War of 1812. Brinkley, Alan, and Davis Dyer, eds. In his youth, while the American Revolution raged on, Adams heard from his mother about his father's work and the great risks he took in support of it, and as a result developed a deep respect for his father. [88] The congressional nominating caucus had decided upon previous Democratic-Republican presidential nominees, but it had become largely discredited by 1824. [155], Vice President Calhoun joined Jackson's ticket, while Adams turned to Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush as his running mate. [7] Young Adams was educated by private tutors – his cousin James Thaxter and his father's law clerk, Nathan Rice. Texas thus joined the United States as a slave state in 1845. Adams's strong stance may have played a role in discouraging Van Buren from pushing for the annexation of Texas during his presidency. [27] In 1798, Benjamin Stoddert of Maryland became the first Secretary of the Navy, and Stoddert emerged as one of Adams's most important advisers. [158] Jackson won 50.3% of the popular vote in the free states, but 72.6% of the vote in the slave states. [143], Aside from an unsuccessful attempt to purchase Texas from Mexico, President Adams did not seek to expand into Latin America or North America. These statutes were designed to mitigate the threat of secessionists by disallowing their most extreme firebrands. He was the first President who was a son of a President. [43] Democratic-Republicans were skeptical of the administration's account of what became known as the "XYZ affair." Federalists claimed that the Republicans were radicals who would ruin the country through revolution. He therefore pursued a strategy whereby American ships harassed French ships in an effort sufficient to stem the French assaults on American interests, beginning an undeclared naval war known as the Quasi-War. His father, Henry Sturgis Morgan, was the co-founder of Morgan Stanley and his great-grandfather was J. P. Morgan, founder of J.P. Morgan & Co. [19] The greatest population growth, however, was occurring in regions west of the Appalachian Mountains. Punishments included 2–5 years in prison and fines of up to $5,000. [142] Despite the loss of trade with the British West Indies, the other commercial agreements secured by Adams helped expand the overall volume of United States exports. Callender was arrested and jailed under the Sedition Act, which only further inflamed Republican passions. [71] The tax revolt raised the specter of class warfare, and Hamilton led the army into the area to put down the revolt. Successfully defended the British soldiers in the Boston Massacre from the charge of murder. [15], Adams was inaugurated as the nation's 2nd president on March 4, 1797 in the House of Representatives Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia. [87] However, as the 1824 election approached, Jackson jumped into the race for president. [7][11] Meanwhile, Hamilton, desiring "a more pliant president than Adams," maneuvered to tip the election to Pinckney. This page was last edited on 16 May 2021, at 12:03. [194] After the start of the war, he supported the Wilmot Proviso, an unsuccessful legislative proposal that would have banned slavery in any territory ceded by Mexico. Early in his term, Adams suspended the Treaty of Indian Springs after learning that the Governor of Georgia, George Troup, had forced the treaty on the Muscogee. Abigail Adams (g. 1764–1818) Anak: Abigail Adams Smith (f. 1765) John Quincy Adams (f. 1767) Susanna Adams (f. 1768) Charles Adams (f. 1770) Thomas Boylston Adams (f. 1772) Ginikanan: John Adams, Sr. Susanna Boylston: Ganti: AAAS Fellow: Pirma John Adams stepped down when he lost the third presidential election to his vice president, Thomas Jefferson, as referenced in Election of 1800. Adams had sought to acquire Texas when he served as secretary of state, but he argued that, because Mexico had abolished slavery, the acquisition of Texas would transform the region from a free territory into a slave state. [18] After graduating from Harvard, he studied law with Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts, from 1787 to 1789. [170] Though he identified as a member of the Anti-Masonic Party, Congress was broadly polarized into allies of Jackson and opponents of Jackson, and Adams generally aligned with the latter camp. [178], In the mid-1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party, the National Republicans, and other groups opposed to Jackson coalesced into the Whig Party. [8] As President of the Senate, it fell to Adams to announce himself as president-elect and his chief opponent, Jefferson, as vice president-elect. The navy also opened trade relations with Saint-Domingue (now known as Haiti), a rebellious French colony in the Caribbean Sea. [33] During Marshall's 34 years as chief justice, the Marshall Court played a major role in increasing the federal government's power and in establishing the judiciary as a co-equal branch of the federal government alongside the executive and legislative branches. [72], During his time as ambassador to Britain, Adams had begun negotiations over several contentious issues that had not been solved by the War of 1812 or the Treaty of Ghent. [16] Though Adams enjoyed Europe, he and his family decided he needed to return to the United States to complete his education and eventually launch a political career. His last words were "This is the last of Earth. Most importantly, Adams is remembered as a poor politician in an era when politics had begun to matter more. [47] Later that year, President James Madison appointed Adams as the first United States Minister to Russia in 1809. [157] In the election, Jackson won 178 of the 261 electoral votes and just under 56% of the popular vote. [68], The acts became controversial due to the prosecution of a congressman and a number of newspaper editors. [81], Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role at some point before taking office. He was also the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797). [44] Their main fear was that war with France would lead to an alliance with England, which in turn could allow the allegedly monarchist Adams to further his domestic agenda. The Naturalization Act increased to 14 years the period of residence required for an immigrant to attain American citizenship, partly because naturalized citizens tended to vote for the Democratic-Republicans. He also feared that the annexation of Texas would encourage Southern expansionists to pursue other potential slave states, including Cuba. [229] Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes that Adams's "intellectual ability and courage were above reproach, and his wisdom in perceiving the national interest has stood the test of time". [48], Led by Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert, the navy won several successes in the Quasi-War, including the capture of L'Insurgente, a powerful French warship. Though some Whigs questioned whether Mexico had started an aggressive war, both houses of Congress declared war, with the House voting 174-to-14 to approve the declaration. One Irish-American congressman, Matthew Lyon, engaged in a fist fight with a Federalist congressman. [8], In early November, France's ambassador to the United States, Pierre Adet, inserted himself into the political debate on behalf of Jefferson, publishing statements designed to arouse anti-British sentiment and to leave the impression that a Jefferson victory would result in improved relations with France. [136] Though many saw Troup as unreasonable in his dealings with the federal government and the Native Americans, the administration's handling of the incident alienated those in the Deep South who favored immediate Indian removal. Adams appeared on February 24, 1841, and spoke for four hours. Led by Revolutionary War veteran John Fries, rural German-speaking farmers protested what they saw as a threat to their republican liberties and to their churches. Adams". One year later, Alfred Moore succeeded Associate Justice James Iredell. Also, Adams was the first president to be photographed, instead of painted. In accordance with the Constitution, Congress became the district's governing authority. Because of the tie, the election devolved upon the House of Representatives. [26] Adams initially wanted to delay his wedding to Louisa until he returned to the United States, but they were married in All Hallows-by-the-Tower in July 1797. [149], The Jacksonians formed an effective party apparatus that adopted many modern campaign techniques. [225][226] Dean Simonton, a professor of psychology at UC Davis, estimated his I.Q. [65] He began his speech by congratulating members on their new seat of government and—pointedly—"on the prospect of a residence not to be changed." He remains the only ex-president to be elected to the chamber (although John Tyler was elected a Confederate representative, but died before he could take his seat). After returning to the United States, Adams established a successful legal practice in Boston. [94] Though he aligned with the Federalists, he was somewhat a party unto himself, disagreeing with the Federalists as much as he did the Jeffersonian Republicans. Some, including Pickering, accused Adams of colluding with Jefferson so that he would end up either president or vice president. The impeachment process did not move forward, though, in large part because the Whigs did not believe that the Senate would vote to remove Tyler from office. In response to United States pressure, the British had begun to allow a limited amount of American imports to the West Indies in 1823, but United States leaders continued to seek an end to Britain's protective Imperial Preference system. Congress also debated whether the federal government had the authority to accept the gift, though with Adams leading the initiative, Congress decided to accept the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836. "Seen in this light," observed historian C. James Taylor, "Adams's legacy is one of reason, moral leadership, the rule of law, compassion, and a cautious but active foreign policy that aimed both at securing the national interest and achieving an honorable peace. [33] He frequently wrote to family members in the United States, and in 1801 his letters about the Prussian region of Silesia were published in a book titled Letters on Silesia. Adams considered the issue of Texas to be "a question of far deeper root and more overshadowing branches than any or all others that agitate the country", and he emerged as one of the leading congressional opponents of annexation. John Adams sinh ngày 30 tháng 10 năm 1735, cha là John Adams Sr. và mẹ là Susanna Boylston. [19] Adams initially opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution, but he ultimately came to accept the document, and in 1789 his father was elected as the first Vice President of the United States. [14] Almost all of Adams's votes came from Northern electors, and almost all of Jefferson's votes came from Southern electors. However, Andrew Jackson's military campaign in Florida, and Henry Clay's threats in Congress, forced Spain to cut a deal, which Adams negotiated successfully.

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