He signed a 1938 statement supporting Joseph Stalin's purges and joined the American Peace Mobilization in 1940 working to keep the U.S. from participating in World War II. Langston eagerly looked to the day when the gifted young writers of his race would go beyond the clamor of civil rights and integration and take a genuine pride in being black ... he found this latter quality starkly absent in even the best of them. It's had tacks in it. They considered him a racial chauvinist. The Negro Mother by Langston Hughes. Nero, Charles I. It is through you visiting Poem Analysis that we are able to contribute to charity. While there are difficult times, you must keep moving like you would while walking up a staircase. The Negro Mother Poem by Langston Hughes. The login page will open in a new tab. An example is the poem "A New Song". Read the poem and, using the yellow highlighter, mark the poem for imagery. View All Credits ... Langston Hughes. Poem Analysis: Mother to Son by Langston Hughes Directions: Read and analyze the poem below. [45] The design on the floor is an African cosmogram entitled Rivers. He needs to persevere, especially past these most difficult parts. Whitaker, Charles, "Langston Hughes: 100th birthday celebration of the poet of Black America", "The Negro Speaks of Rivers": first published in. She clearly has something she needs to tell him, and it isn’t going to be easy. And life for me ain’t been no crystal stair. Buy 2 get 1 Free! Langston Hughes was a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance, the flowering of black intellectual, literary, and artistic life that took place in the 1920s in a number of American cities, particularly Harlem. We know we are beautiful. She had remarried when he was an adolescent. These lines all begin with “And.” They also build off one another, leading up to moving and poignant statements that say something about the difficulties ahead for the son. Share. Growing up in a series of Midwestern towns, Hughes became a prolific writer at an early age. But no crying." His thought united people of African descent and Africa across the globe to encourage pride in their diverse black folk culture and black aesthetic. The last lines add to the already painful and at times scary, staircase she has described. At a time before widespread arts grants, Hughes gained the support of private patrons and he was supported for two years prior to publishing this novel. One of these young black writers (Loften Mitchell) observed of Hughes: Langston set a tone, a standard of brotherhood and friendship and cooperation, for all of us to follow. (…) Sandra West states: Hughes's "apparent love for black men as evidenced through a series of unpublished poems he wrote to a black male lover named 'Beauty'." The African American slaves lived through the worst brutality known to have taken place on American soil. Hughes's work Panther and the Lash, posthumously published in 1967, was intended to show solidarity with these writers, but with more skill and devoid of the most virulent anger and racial chauvinism some showed toward whites. “All the time” she has been struggling, she has also been “a-climbin’ on” up the metaphorical stairs of her life. [23] Harlem was a center of vibrant cultural life. A radical black self-examination was emphasized in the face of European colonialism. The night is beautiful, Permeating his work is pride in the African-American identity and its diverse culture. [60], In 1932, Hughes and Ellen Winter wrote a pageant to Caroline Decker in an attempt to celebrate her work with the striking coal miners of the Harlan County War, but it was never performed. The film was never made, but Hughes was given the opportunity to travel extensively through the Soviet Union and to the Soviet-controlled regions in Central Asia, the latter parts usually closed to Westerners. The wood is also torn up in places, entire boards missing. â Rampersad, vol. Credits. 1941: Hughes was awarded a fellowship from the, 1943: Lincoln University awarded Hughes an honorary, 1981: New York City Landmark status was given to the Harlem home of Langston Hughes at 20 East 127th Street (. Hughes' life has been portrayed in film and stage productions since the late 20th century. Mother to Son Langston Hughes. She is “still climbin’” through the hardships. With the gradual advance toward racial integration, many black writers considered his writings of black pride and its corresponding subject matter out of date. In Martin Duberman (ed.). He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry. Hughes's maternal grandmother Mary Pa… Readers of all backgrounds can come to this poem and feel themselves either in the shoes of the child or the mother, or perhaps both. The other was Silas Cushenberry, a Jewish-American slave trader of Clark County. The Negro Speaks of Rivers. She is still trudging up the stairs, and he can get too. 1. ... First published in 1921 in The Crisis â official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) â "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", which became Hughes's signature poem and was collected in his first book of poetry, The Weary Blues (1926). Nero, Charles I. [86] These critics on the Left were unaware of the secret interrogation that took place days before the televised hearing.[87]. The staircase becomes more and more difficult, depending on how one handles their own life. He uses shortened versions of words such as “reachin’” rather than “reaching” and “landin’s” rather than “landings.” This has the effect of making the verses more song-like. [83] The scholar Anthony Pinn has noted that Hughes, together with Lorraine Hansberry and Richard Wright, was a humanist "critical of belief in God. International House, 24 Holborn Viaduct, London, EC1A 2BN, United Kingdom, https://poemanalysis.com/langston-hughes/mother-to-son/. And sometimes goin’ in the dark 429 pp. Eventually, Hughes and his father came to a compromise: Hughes would study engineering, so long as he could attend Columbia. A mother is speaking to her son about climbing a crystal staircase. Except for McKay, they worked together also to create the short-lived magazine Fire!! Mother to Son. He often helped writers by offering advice and introducing them to other influential persons in the literature and publishing communities. The title is taken from his poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers". This means that there is no pattern of rhyme or rhythm. Joyce, Joyce A. The Weary Blues. If colored people are pleased we are glad. "Free Speech or Hate Speech: Pornography and its Means of Production". Sign up to unveil the best kept secrets in poetry, Home » Langston Hughes » Mother to Son by Langston Hughes, this was very helpful! "Mother to Son by Langston Hughes". The poem contains a mother’s warning to her son about the stairs one is forced to climb throughout life. I’se still climbin’, 2. He understood, however, that Cullen and Locke offered him nothing he wanted, or nothing that promised much for him or his poetry. Mother to Son BY LANGSTON HUGHES Well, son, I’ll tell you: Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair. "[61], Maxim Lieber became his literary agent, 1933â45 and 1949â50. She also tells him not to “set down on the steps.” Any hesitation or fear will only make the situation worse. [84], Hughes was accused of being a Communist by many on the political right, but he always denied it. In fact, they are lyrical in nature. Written By. He never stopped thinking about the rest of us. He stood for the disadvantaged and was a big influence on the African American poets. Langston Hughes, American writer who was an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance and who vividly depicted the African American experience through his writings, which ranged from poetry and plays to novels and newspaper columns. He was more of a sympathizer than an active participant. Hughes and his contemporaries had different goals and aspirations than the black middle class. He is equal among all people in his country. Beautiful, also, is the sun. Paper Armor (1999) by Eisa Davis and Hannibal of the Alps (2005)[88] by Michael Dinwiddie are plays by African-American playwrights that address Hughes's sexuality. Her second husband was Charles Henry Langston, of African-American, Euro-American and Native American ancestry. Even though she knows how bad things can be, she is unafraid, or at least strong enough, to face them. Hughes was born in in 1902 in Joplin, Missouri, to James Nathaniel and Carrie Mercer [51], His poetry and fiction portrayed the lives of the working-class blacks in America, lives he portrayed as full of struggle, joy, laughter, and music. On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in the Stuyvesant Polyclinic in New York City at the age of 66 from complications after abdominal surgery related to prostate cancer. As the work demands limited his time for writing, Hughes quit the position to work as a busboy at the Wardman Park Hotel. The Negro Mother, by Langston Hughes, tells the story of a former African-American slave and a woman. He wrote novels, short stories, plays, poetry, operas, essays, and works for children. 2, p. 338. [29][30] Thurgood Marshall, who later became an attorney, judge, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, was a classmate of Hughes during his undergraduate studies. But all the time I’se been a-climbin’ on, Please remember when text marking to highlight the text, not change the color of the text (it should look like it does below, your text should still be black.) These poems are also very different from one another, despite being from the same poet; this allows students to … I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln Upon graduating from high school in June 1920, Hughes returned to Mexico to live with his father, hoping to convince him to support his plan to attend Columbia University. Other scholars argue for his homosexuality: his love of black men is evidenced in a number of reported unpublished poems to an alleged black male lover.[43]. In the note to the seller copy and paste a link to free print you wish to receive during checkout. To create the home of poetry, we fund this through advertising, Please help us help you by disabling your ad blocker, Discover and learn about the greatest poetry ever straight to your inbox. Overall, they are marked by a general pessimism about race relations, as well as a sardonic realism. No copyright of music or narration intended. His father left the family soon after the boy was born and later divorced Carrie. The extended metaphor poem is a monologue from a mother to a son. (Chambers and Lieber worked in the underground together around 1934â35.)[62]. They had two children; the second was Langston Hughes, born in 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. This means that either she is the first one there or one of many who have seen the same darkened corridors of life. In the final stanza of ‘Mother to Son,’ the speaker directly addresses her son again. [50] Hughes wrote what would be considered their manifesto, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain", published in The Nation in 1926: The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. (1997), "Re/Membering Langston", in Martin Duberman (ed. Referring to men of African descent, Rampersad writes: "... Hughes found some young men, especially dark-skinned men, appealing and sexually fascinating. His tuition provided, Hughes left his father after more than a year. Every single person that visits Poem Analysis has helped contribute, so thank you for your support. It is also important to consider the historical context of this piece. "A Historical Guide to Langston Hughes". degree from Lincoln University in 1929, he returned to New York. 1926: Hughes won the Witter Bynner Undergraduate Poetry Prize. Charlotte Mason generously supported Hughes for two years. Additionally, she explains that although he might get exhausted or desperate, he is never to turn around or sit down. In Larry P. Gross & James D. Woods (eds), Schwarz, Christa A. It also speaks to the narrator’s own background and might lead one to assume this person is uneducated. Then it was that books began to happen to me, and I began to believe in nothing but books and the wonderful world in booksâwhere if people suffered, they suffered in beautiful language, not in monosyllables, as we did in Kansas. And places with no carpet on the floor— He moved away from overtly political poems and towards more lyric subjects. Don’t you set down on the steps ‘Mother to Son’ by Langston Hughes was first published in December of 1922 in the magazine, Crisis. [55] He understood the main points of the Black Power movement of the 1960s, but believed that some of the younger black writers who supported it were too angry in their work. Analysis of Mother to Son by Langston Hughes. During the 1930s, he became a resident of Westfield, New Jersey for a time, sponsored by his patron Charlotte Osgood Mason. Both of Hughes' paternal great-grandmothers were enslaved Africans, and both of his paternal great-grandfathers were white slave owners in Kentucky. Although he dropped out, he gained notice from New York publishers, first in The Crisis magazine, and then from book publishers and became known in the creative community in Harlem. This makes a great In August 1937, he broadcast live from Madrid alongside Harry Haywood and Walter Benjamin Garland. [98], William and Aimee Lee Cheek, "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in. He also published several non-fiction works. Hughes had a very poor relationship with his father, whom he seldom saw when a child. Langston was raised mainly in Lawrence, Kansas, by his maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston. [63][64] These stories are a series of vignettes revealing the humorous and tragic interactions between whites and blacks. Spike Lee's 1996 film Get on the Bus, included a black gay character, played by Isaiah Washington, who invokes the name of Hughes and punches a homophobic character, saying: "This is for James Baldwin and Langston Hughes. "Re/Membering Langston: Homphobic Textuality and Arnold Rampersad's Life of Langston Hughes". He finished the book at a Carmel, California cottage provided for a year by Noel Sullivan, another patron. In, Hughes, Langston (2001). He was attracted more to the African-American people and neighborhood of Harlem than to his studies, but he continued writing poetry. [5][6] He and his younger brother John Mercer Langston worked for the abolitionist cause and helped lead the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society in 1858. The harlem renaissance was a period where a big explosion of culture and art of the African-american placed in Harlem, New York. In Steven C. Tracy (ed.). [80], Hughes also managed to travel to China and Japan before returning to the States. There were only two of us Negro kids in the whole class and our English teacher was always stressing the importance of rhythm in poetry. These obstacles, not of one’s own making, are only emphasized by those brought on by one’s choices. Mother to Son. When asked why he never joined the Communist Party, he wrote, "it was based on strict discipline and the acceptance of directives that I, as a writer, did not wish to accept." Mother to Son. A mother is telling a story to her child about her own childhood. This piece is one of his most popular and relatable. [90] Ask Your Mama is the centerpiece of "The Langston Hughes Project",[91] a multimedia concert performance directed by Ron McCurdy, professor of music in the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California. She supervised his writing his first novel. The family moved to the Fairfax neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended Central High School[15] and was taught by Helen Maria Chesnutt, whom he found inspiring. [75], Hughes was drawn to Communism as an alternative to a segregated America. While living in the 1900's Hughes and his family experienced the hardships of racism, discrimination, and slavery. Langston Hughes was one of the most important writers of the harlem renaissance that happened during World War I and middle 1930s. Shopping. MOTHER TO SON: Introduce Mother To Son by Langston Hughes with this ready to use resource. Rampersad, vol. These two poems are not as widely anthologized, but are thematically similar in the way Hughes expresses the disparity between the American Dream and the reality of life for African Americans during the early 20th Century. "Rampersad. [95], On September 22, 2016, his poem "I, Too" was printed on a full page of The New York Times in response to the riots of the previous day in Charlotte, North Carolina. [16], His writing experiments began when he was young. and some poems in. The speaker, who is mother mentioned in the title of the poem, recalls the hardships she went through previously and encourages her children to continue the fight for freedom and equality. â Rampersad, vol. This can be seen through Hughes’ thoughtful selection of words that reflect a specific dialect and examples of half-rhyme throughout the text. ^^. "[85] Following his testimony, Hughes distanced himself from Communism. The mother uses a metaphor of a set of stairs to advise her son to keep climbing, no matter how difficult life becomes. Hughes did, however, show a respect and love for his fellow black man (and woman). 2, p. 119. The first words, “Well, son, I’ll tell you:” sets up the conversation as informal but also important. While in grammar school in Lincoln, Hughes was elected class poet. Langston Hughes wrote this poem to remind the African American people of the struggle and abuse that their ancestors had to go through in order to pave the way for their freedom today. [5] His and Mary's daughter Caroline (known as Carrie) became a schoolteacher and married James Nathaniel Hughes (1871â1934). She is attempting to explain to him, through the image of the staircase, what his life is going to be like. He confronted racial stereotypes, protested social conditions, and expanded African America's image of itself; a "people's poet" who sought to reeducate both audience and artist by lifting the theory of the black aesthetic into reality.[53]. Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, divisions and prejudices within the black community based on skin color, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, "The Negro Artist and The Racial Mountain" (article), "Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas", "Ohio Anti-Slavery Society â Ohio History Central", "Ronnick: Within CAMWS Territory: Helen M. Chesnutt (1880-1969), Black Latinist", "Langston Hughes biography: African-American history: Crossing Boundaries: Kansas Humanities Council", "Mule Bone: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston's Dream Deferred of an African-American Theatre of the Black Word. [96], The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University holds the Langston Hughes papers (1862â1980) and the Langston Hughes collection (1924â1969) containing letters, manuscripts, personal items, photographs, clippings, artworks, and objects that document the life of Hughes. Please continue to help us support the fight against dementia. Nobody ever cried in my grandmother's stories. James Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. Cross. It is one of Hughes’ best-loved poems. Langston Hughes. In the first section of lines, Hughes begins with the speaker addressing her son. With this in mind, the speaker can be seen as a generalized image of an African American mother who wants to explain the troubles her black son is going to face as he ages. In Looking for Langston (1989), British filmmaker Isaac Julien claimed him as a black gay icon â Julien thought that Hughes' sexuality had historically been ignored or downplayed. [76] Many of his lesser-known political writings have been collected in two volumes published by the University of Missouri Press and reflect his attraction to Communism. In 1931, Hughes helped form the "New York Suitcase Theater" with playwright Paul Peters, artist Jacob Burck, and writer (soon-to-be underground spy) Whittaker Chambers, an acquaintance from Columbia. ", "Two Rewarding Volumes of Verse; ONE-WAY TICKET. This entailed a toning down of Soviet propaganda on racial segregation in America. He felt he had been exploited and humiliated by them." If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. "Cafe 3 A.M." was against gay bashing by police, and "Poem for F.S." One of the most important images of this piece is that of the crystal stair. Read Langston Hughes poem:Well, son, I'll tell you: Life for me ain't been no crystal stair. [8][9], Langston Hughes grew up in a series of Midwestern small towns. Partly as a show of support for the Republican faction during the Spanish Civil War,[citation needed] in 1937 Hughes traveled to Spain[81] as a correspondent for the Baltimore Afro-American and other various African-American newspapers. "His fatalism was well placed. Poem Analysis, https://poemanalysis.com/langston-hughes/mother-to-son/. It’s had tacks in it, And splinters, And boards torn up, And places with no carpet on the floor— Bare. Sullivan provided Hughes with the opportunity to complete. In regards to the theme, a reader can interpret the poem as speaking on the importance of experience and determination. I’se been a-climbin’ on, The same year that Hughes established his theatre troupe in Los Angeles, he realized an ambition related to films by co-writing the screenplay for Way Down South. Except for travels to the Soviet Union and parts of the Caribbean, he lived in Harlem as his primary home for the remainder of his life. His parents separated not to long after he was born. In Turkmenistan, Hughes met and befriended the Hungarian author Arthur Koestler, then a Communist who was given permission to travel there. Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri on February 1, 1902 and died in New York City, New York on May 22, 1967. According to Hughes, one of these men was Sam Clay, a Scottish-American whiskey distiller of Henry County, said to be a relative of statesman Henry Clay. Info. His parents separated soon after his birth, and Hughes was raised mainly by his mother, his grandmother, and a childless couple, the Reeds. So the eyes of my people A major poet, Hughes also wrote novels, short stories, essays, and plays. In 1930, his first novel, Not Without Laughter, won the Harmon Gold Medal for literature. The speaker was not afraid of what might be on the other side, even when she was entering into the “dark.” This is another character trait she is hoping to pass on to her son. Or send me a convo! In 1949, he spent three months at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools as a visiting lecturer. He eventually graduated from Lincoln University. Baldwin, Emma. 1. Lewis Leary subsequently joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in West Virginia in 1859, where he was fatally wounded. â Rampersad, vol. Langston Hughes - 1902-1967. was about his friend Ferdinand Smith. When selecting his poetry for his Selected Poems (1959) he excluded all his radical socialist verse from the 1930s. In this text I will be analyzing Langston Hughes poem “The Negro Mother”. He stated, "I never read the theoretical books of socialism or communism or the Democratic or Republican parties for that matter, and so my interest in whatever may be considered political has been non-theoretical, non-sectarian, and largely emotional and born out of my own need to find some way of thinking about this whole problem of myself. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901[1] â May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. For anyone with any knowledge of American history, the title of this poem alone, The Negro Mother, evokes emotion. Source: The Collected Works of Langston Hughes … By Langston Hughes. Accessed 16 May 2021. It’s had tacks in it, And splinters, And boards torn … If white people are pleased we are glad. [86] He was rebuked by some on the Radical Left who had previously supported him. Hughes "disdained the rigid class and color differences the 'best people' drew between themselves and Afro-Americans of darker complexion, of smaller means and lesser formal education." These things are there in order to throw him off. 2002: The United States Postal Service added the image of Langston Hughes to its Black Heritage series of postage stamps. As stated above, the speaker is a woman who is addressing her son. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain free within ourselves. (1999), p. 500. She is contrasting her own life against one that is easy to progress through (or up). A reader should also take note of Hughes’s dialectic choices. The poem “Mother to Son”, by Langston Hughes, is an uplifting, hopeful poem about never giving up. [10], After the separation, Hughes's mother traveled, seeking employment. Well, son, I’ll tell you: Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair. Under such pressure, Hughes's sexual desire, such as it was, became not so much sublimated as vaporized. [65] He also became an advisory board member to the (then) newly formed San Francisco Workers' School (later the California Labor School). Watch later. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much. 10. A mother is warning her son about the difficulties of life and the struggle to persevere. In addition to poetry, Hughes wrote plays, and short stories. He left in 1922 because of racial prejudice among students and teachers. It is dangerous to live her life, and more often than not, each step presents something new to fear. [68], From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, Hughes' popularity among the younger generation of black writers varied even as his reputation increased worldwide. Having to deal with racism, inequality, and poverty, African Americans had to fight both physically and metaphorically daily for survival. If they are not, it doesn't matter. ThankYou so much! Answer the questions that follow. He moved to New York City as a young man, where he made his career. "Mother to Son" is a 1922 poem written by Langston Hughes. His speaker describes how the staircase is not “crystal.” It is instead dangerous, torn up, and covered in “tacks” and “splinters.” She also speaks on the way the staircase turns, and the “landings” one eventually reaches along the way. The following year, Hughes enrolled in Lincoln University, a historically black university in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 2012: inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Hughes uses the staircase as an extended metaphor to represent the hardships that life presents. Hughes was also involved in other Communist-led organizations such as the John Reed Clubs and the League of Struggle for Negro Rights. Martin Luther King Jr. Recites Langston Hughes' "Mother to Son". The poem "Aunt Sues's Stories" (1921) is an oblique tribute to his grandmother and his loving "Auntie" Mary Reed, a close family friend. Hughes wanted young black writers to be objective about their race, but not to scorn it or flee it. "Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights" (. Edited by Arna Bontemps and Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes has chosen to use anaphora, dialect, and imagery, as well as other literary devices in ‘Mother to Son.’ Anaphora is the repetition of words at the beginning of lines, as well as just a general repetition of words throughout the poem. [11][12] Imbued by his grandmother with a duty to help his race, Hughes identified with neglected and downtrodden black people all his life, and glorified them in his work. He governed his sexual desires to an extent rare in a normal adult male; whether his appetite was normal and adult is impossible to say. 2, p. 207. Porter. The Struggle In Mother To Son By Langston Hughes. ... The poem follows a mother speaking to her son about her life, which she says "ain't been no crystal stair". "My seeking has been to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America and obliquely that of all human kind",[52] Hughes is quoted as saying. An eye rhyme is a literary device used in poetry. (2004). B. After Hughes earned a B.A. from "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" (1920) She first describes the struggles she has faced and then urges him to continue moving forward. (…) [44] It is the entrance to an auditorium named for him. Between 1942 and 1949, Hughes was a frequent writer and served on the editorial board of Common Ground, a literary magazine focused on cultural pluralism in the United States published by the Common Council for American Unity (CCAU). He lived briefly with his father in Mexico in 1919. THE POETRY OF THE NEGRO: 1746-1949. In the last three lines, the speaker reiterates that even though life is hard, she is still going. Langston's misgivings about the new black writing were because of its emphasis on black criminality and frequent use of profanity. in ‘I, Too, Sing America,’ the speaker asserts his Americanism in the face of those who look down upon the Black population in the United States. Hughes' Dream Harlem, a documentary by Jamal Joseph, examines Hughes' works and environment. The stars are beautiful, ), Although Hughes was extremely closeted, some of his poems may hint at homosexuality. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. ", Hughes was also featured prominently in a national campaign sponsored by the Center for Inquiry (CFI) known as African Americans for Humanism. West, 2003, p. 162. Hughes was one of the few prominent black writers to champion racial consciousness as a source of inspiration for black artists. [31][32], Some academics and biographers believe that Hughes was homosexual and included homosexual codes in many of his poems, as did Walt Whitman, who, Hughes said, influenced his poetry.
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