synopsis nixon in china

At an airfield outside Beijing, contingents of the Chinese military assemble to receive Air Force One. The Washington Monument, built in honor of America’s revolutionary hero and first president, is dedicated in Washington, D.C. Kissinger wanted more flexibility, generally. The opera is one I appreciate even more since seeing the recent Met production, which is also wonderful. [1] The seven-day official visit to three Chinese cities was the first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC; Nixon's arrival in Beijing ended 25 years of no communication or diplomatic ties between the two countries and was the key step in normalizing relations between the U.S. and PRC. Goodman and Adams find great scope as Goodman captures Mao’s affection for aphorisms, Nixon’s aspirations, the differences in political philosophy and governmental execution that will always separate the U.S. and China, and much more. And the war in Vietnam was not going well. Dyma oedd opera gyntaf Adams, cafodd ei ysbrydoli gan ymweliad Richard Nixon, Arlywydd yr UD, â China ym 1972. When the Communist Party of China gained power over mainland China in 1949 and the Kuomintang fled to the island of Taiwan, the United States allied with, and recognized, the Republic of China as the sole government of China. Mao would just throw in a few sentences; a few brush strokes. During the 1940s and 1950s, he had been a vocal cold warrior and had condemned the Democratic administration of Harry S. Truman for “losing” China to the communists in 1949. Richard Nixon's plane, the Spirit of '76, arrives; Nixon is greeted by Choi En-Lai; during the introductions, Nixon reflects on the historical nature of his journey and the way it will be perceived by the American media ("News has a kind of mystery"). He had managed to cover the main points. Although Nixon was in China for a week, this would be his only meeting with the top Chinese leader. Herbert Hoover lived in China briefly in 1899 before becoming president. Cefndir. Nixon in China is an opera in three acts about Richard Nixon's state visit to China in 1972, by John Coolidge Adams.Premiering in 1987 (all the named characters in it except Mao and Chou En-lai were still alive but did not attend), it is well regarded but written in a very avant-garde style known as minimalism, so don't expect it to sound like Beethoven. National Security Council staffer (and later U.S. We are trying to reflect the information printed in the magazine. The week-long visit, from February 21 to 28, 1972, allowed the American public to view images of China for the first time in over two decades. While in Shanghai, Nixon spoke about what this meant for the two countries in the future: This was the week that changed the world, as what we have said in that Communique is not nearly as important as what we will do in the years ahead to build a bridge across 16,000 miles and 22 years of hostilities which have divided us in the past. Nixon's visit to China was well-planned. They arrived the next day in Guam at 5 pm, where they spent the night at Nimitz Hill, the residence of the Commander, Naval Forces, Marianas. [5] Ulysses S. Grant visited China on a world tour after leaving office. His father taught him how to play the clarinet, and he was a clarinettist in community ensembles. The American fear of a monolithic communist bloc had been modified, as a war of words—and occasional border conflicts—erupted between the Soviet Union and the PRC in the 1960s. More realistically and at a minimum, we sought to persuade Russia and China to encourage Hanoi to make a deal with the United States and give Hanoi a sense of isolation because their two, big patrons were dealing with us. In addition, the United States might be able to make use of the Chinese as a counterweight to North Vietnam. Kissinger had sort of the same reaction as I did. Act I. Synopsis: Nixon in China. Thirdly, Kissinger and Nixon wanted to get help in resolving the Vietnam War. In his understated and unorthodox way he had set forth the main lines of Chinese policy, he had made clear the features that he considered very important, and that other things could fall into place. Indeed, by their willingness to engage in summit meetings with us, with Nixon going to China in February 1972, and to Moscow in May 1972, the Russians and Chinese were beginning to place a higher priority on their bilateral relations with us than on their dealings with their friends in Hanoi.[4]. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The libretto, by Alice Goodman, offered moments of wry humor and poignancy, dealing in a mock-mythic style with President Nixon's peacemaking trip to China in 1972. That project was the movie 9 to 5, for which Dolly wrote and performed the song that earned her both Oscar and Grammy ...read more, On February 21, 1848, The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx with the assistance of Friedrich Engels, is published in London by a group of German-born revolutionary socialists known as the Communist League. Nixon’s audience with Mao, Pat Nixon’s excursions to factories and the Ming tombs: The synopsis of Nixon in China tracks history closely, but the creators imparted an imaginative, even mythic, dimension to their characters’ meditations. Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, ...read more, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger begins secret peace talks with North Vietnamese representative Le Duc Tho, the fifth-ranking member of the Hanoi Politburo, at a villa outside Paris. He is met at the airport by Chinese officials including Premier Chou En-Lai. President Donald Trump recently affirmed the One China Policy – after some skepticism – which is a key element of the Shanghai Communiqué, the overarching framework of … However, I think that Mao was much more purposeful and skillful than we gave him credit for at first.[4]. [12], Nixon and his aides carefully planned the trip to have the biggest possible impact on television audiences in the United States. All Rights Reserved. He began composing at the age of 10 and first heard his music performed at the age of 13. The trip is consistently ranked by historians, scholars, and journalists as one of the most important—if not the most important—visits by a U.S. president anywhere. I still don't think that it was one of the great conversations of all time. Secondly, by opening relations with China we would catch Russia's attention and get more leverage on them through playing this obvious, China card. Unknown to Nixon and the rest of the American diplomats at the time, Mao was in poor health and he had been hospitalized for several weeks up to only nine days before Nixon's arrival. To add on top of that the fact that the Special Assistant to the National Security Adviser was there as a third person but the Secretary of State was not was too much, even for them. Mao Zedong’s successful communist revolution, How Ping-Pong Diplomacy Thawed the Cold War. Nixon visited PRC to gain more leverage over relations with the Soviet Union. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The first major engagement of the Civil War in the far West, the battle ...read more, On February 21, 1948, the National Association for Stock Car Racing—or NASCAR, as it will come to be widely known—is officially incorporated. Gerhartsreiter gained the public spotlight in 2008, when he kidnapped his young daughter and became the ...read more, In 1980, Dolly Parton brought the full range of her talents to bear on a project that would cement her crossover from country music to mainstream superstardom. He went from topic to topic in rather a casual way. Throughout the week the President and his senior advisers engaged in substantive discussions with the PRC leadership, including a meeting with Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Mao Zedong, while First Lady Pat Nixon toured schools, factories and hospitals in the cities of Beijing, Hangzhou and Shanghai with the large American press corps in tow. The relationship between China and the U.S. is now one of the most important bilateral relationships in the world, and every successive U.S. president, except Jimmy Carter, has visited China. Click the green Submit button. After graduating from the Imperial Military Academy and the Military Staff College, Tojo ...read more, At 7:12 a.m. on the morning of February 21, 1916, a shot from a German Krupp 38-centimeter long-barreled gun—one of over 1,200 such weapons set to bombard French forces along a 20-kilometer front stretching across the Meuse River—strikes a cathedral in Verdun, France, beginning ...read more, On the morning of February 21, 1918, combined Allied forces of British troops and the Australian mounted cavalry capture the city of Jericho in Palestine after a three-day battle with Turkish troops. The media coverage of the trip was overwhelmingly positive. And what we have said today is that we shall build that bridge. He had gotten through his agenda purposefully, even though it seemed casual and episodic. [10], From February 21 to 28, 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon traveled to Beijing, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. In China, from the beginning of the Sino-Soviet Split in 1956, there was a perceived necessity for external allies to counterbalance the power of the USSR. John Adams’ Nixon in China is a landmark of contemporary opera. Kissinger stated that the U.S. also intended to pull all its forces out of the island of Taiwan. John T. Downey and Richard Fecteau, CIA operatives who were held captive in China from November 1952, were released after Nixon's visit to China. Le Duc Tho stated that the North Vietnamese position continued to require an ...read more. Nixon’s 1972 trip was in fact an epochal event, one whose magnitude is hard to imagine from our present perspective, and it was perfect for Peter Sellars’s dramatic imagination. Nixon's porcelain swans statue, a gift to Mao, was presented along the way in the gift-giving ceremony. The 555-foot-high marble obelisk was first proposed in 1783, and Pierre L’Enfant left room for it in his designs for the new U.S. capital. Nixon’s 1972 trip was in fact an epochal event, one whose magnitude is hard to imagine from our present perspective, and it was perfect for Peter Sellars’s dramatic imagination. The idea would be to improve relations with Moscow, hoping to stir a little bit of its paranoia by dealing with China, never getting so engaged with China that we would turn Russia into a hostile enemy but enough to get the attention of the Russians. However, as we thought about it, and certainly by the end of the trip, we realized in fact that Mao had put in a very skillful performance. (Full synopsis appears below.) In July 1971, President Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger secretly visited Beijing during a trip to Pakistan, and laid the groundwork for Nixon's visit to China. Chou En-Lai, a small group of officials, and contingents of China’s military forces are on hand to greet the arrival of President Nixon, the First Lady, and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at an airfield outside Beijing. Synopsis. After seeing it on Youtube, this was a treat of a production of Nixon in China. John Adams’s groundbreaking work vividly brings to life President Nixon’s 1972 visit to communist China. Most of China was forbidden when the US president, Richard Nixon, and his foreign policy adviser, Henry Kissinger, travelled there in 1972. The United States had never stopped formally recognizing the PRC after Mao Zedong’s successful communist revolution of 1949. In an amazing turn of events, President Richard Nixon takes a dramatic first step toward normalizing relations with the communist People’s Republic of China (PRC) by traveling to Beijing for a week of talks. The driving ...read more, On February 21, 1944, Hideki Tojo, prime minister of Japan, grabs even more power as he takes over as army chief of staff, a position that gives him direct control of the Japanese military. I remember distinctly, coming out of the meeting somewhat disappointed. Act I. Nixon held many meetings with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during the trip, which included visits to the Great Wall, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. Nixon’s historic visit began the slow process of the re-establishing diplomatic relations between the United States and communist China. In Vietnam, the Soviets, not the Chinese, had become the most significant supporters of the North Vietnamese regime. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The Chinese agreed to a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. The work premiered at the Houston Grand Opera on October 22, 1987, in a production by Peter Sellars with choreography by Mark Morris. Nixon in China is an opera in three acts by John Adams, with a libretto by Alice Goodman. The American people were impatient for an end to the conflict, and it was becoming increasingly apparent that the United States might not be able to save its ally, South Vietnam, from its communist aggressors. The broadcast of Adams's opera Nixon in China will be presented live for only one day on Saturday, February 12, 2011 at 1 PM ET / 10 AM PT in select movie theaters. After dominating men’s figure skating at the 1948 and 1952 Olympics, ...read more, On February 21, 1862, at the Battle of Valverde, Confederate troops under General Henry Hopkins Sibley attack Union troops commanded by Colonel Edward R. S. Canby near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory. At an airfield outside Beijing, on February 21, 1972, a chorus of Chinese soldiers sing a choral introduction. Nixon dubbed his visit "the week that changed the world", a descriptor that continues to echo in the political lexicon. “Nixon in China” is a treat for the brain. Both sides wonder if this for the better. Share. Synopsis. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! This profound historical event becomes a mesmerizing drama … Adams' first opera, it was inspired by the 1972 visit to China by US President Richard Nixon. Despite this, in 1972 Nixon became the first U.S. president to visit mainland China while in office. Improved relations with the Soviet Union and the PRC are often cited as the most successful diplomatic achievements of Nixon's presidency. John Adams’s groundbreaking work vividly brings to life President Nixon’s 1972 visit to communist China. ... Nixon in China took two full years to complete. After 4 hours in the air, the Nixons arrived in Shanghai. The normalization of ties culminated in 1979, when the U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC. After a series of these overtures by both countries, Kissinger flew on secret diplomatic missions to Beijing in 1971, where he met with Premier Zhou Enlai. Snow has fallen during the night. We wouldn't just be dealing with Moscow. They recite Mao Zedong’s “Three Main Rules of Discipline” and “Eight Points of Attention.” Premier Zhou Enlai arrives with government officials. It has such an … The opera begins at Beijing Airport. Mae Nixon yn China yn opera mewn tair act gan John Adams, gyda libreto gan Alice Goodman. [8] For this ambitious goal to be reached President Nixon had carried out a series of carefully calibrated moves through Communist China's allies Romania and Pakistan. After … He had some humor. Nixon in China Synopsis. The statement enabled the U.S. and PRC to temporarily set aside the "crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations"[13] concerning the political status of Taiwan and to open trade and other contacts. In fact, the two nations had been bitter enemies. Act One. John Adams’s groundbreaking work vividly brings to life President Nixon’s 1972 visit to communist China. The American ruling class was concerned that communists might dominate schools or labor unions.[3]. US President Richard Nixon, wife Pat, and Henry Kissinger travel to China to visit Chairman and Madame Mao in 1972, normalizing relations between the countries for the first time in 25 years. However, I thought that the conversation was somewhat episodic and not very full. At a maximum, we tried to get Russia and China to slow down the provision of aid to North Vietnam somewhat. I was impressed with the physical impact of Mao. The world changed with President Nixon’s 1972 visit to China and the walls between East and West began to crumble. This effort worked dramatically after Kissinger's secret trip to China. PRC and U.S. troops fought in Korea during the early-1950s, and Chinese aid and advisors supported North Vietnam in its war against the United States. John Adams’s groundbreaking work vividly brings to life President Nixon’s 1972 visit to communist China. It has been 45 years since President and Mrs. Richard Nixon landed in the People’s Republic of China. Chou En-Lai, a small group of officials, and contingents of China’s military forces are on hand to greet the arrival of President Nixon, the First Lady, and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at an airfield outside Beijing. Ambassador to China) Winston Lord noted: First, an opening to China would give us more flexibility on the world scene generally. Mao was self-deprecating, even though he had a tremendous ego. Nixon goes to meet Chairman Mao Tse-Tung. The visit inspired John Adams' 1987 opera Nixon in China. [12] In the communiqué, both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic policy. Type any changes to the title, synopsis or contributor information using the Style Guide for reference. Official United States visit to the People's Republic of China, leading to the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1979, Learn how and when to remove this template message, important strategic and diplomatic overture, U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC, China's opening to the world and economic parity, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, "CHINA POWER Kissinger's Visit, 40 Years On", "Getting to Beijing: Henry Kissinger's Secret 1971 Trip", "Nixon in China Itinerary, Feb. 17 -28, 1972 | US-China Institute", http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1972/1972-Election/12305688736666-2/#title, Nixon's China's Visit and "Sino-U.S. Joint Communiqué", "Assignment: China – The Week that Changed the World", Nixon's Trip to China, including the President's recollections documented on White House tapes, Index of articles on Nixon's foreign policy, including China, Nixon's Trip to China: Records now Completely Declassified, Including Kissinger Intelligence Briefing and Assurances on Taiwan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixon%27s_1972_visit_to_China&oldid=1021241131, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 May 2021, at 17:21. Feedback about Nixon in China, BBC Radio 3, 13.40, 10 September 1988. In an amazing turn of events, President Richard Nixon takes a dramatic first step toward normalizing relations with the communist People’s Republic of China (PRC) by traveling to Beijing for a … While the split was originally motivated, in part, by Mao's view of the Soviets as too accommodating toward the US, eventually he came to view the USSR as a greater threat to China's position. Resolving the Vietnam War was a particularly important factor. It was also the subject of a PBS documentary film, American Experience: Nixon's China Game. Nevertheless, Mao felt well enough to insist to his officials that he would meet with Nixon upon his arrival. Secretary of State William P. Rogers was excluded from this meeting and the only other American present besides Kissinger was Kissinger's assistant Winston Lord. Later interviews with correspondents who traveled with the President show how eager they were to be on the trip, which some labeled the most important summit meeting ever.[14]. Nixon in China: John Adams Composer John Adams was born on Feb.15, 1947 in Worcester, Massachusetts. The United States could use closer diplomatic relations with China as leverage in dealing with the Soviets, particularly on the issue of Vietnam. Before his election as president in 1968, former Vice President Richard Nixon hinted at establishing a new relationship with the PRC. The encore of John Adams' opera of President Nixon's 1972 encounter with Communist China. John Adams’ opera Nixon in China tells the story of Richard Nixon’s 1972 visit to the People’s Republic of China, a politically transformative act that ended 25 years of silence between two major nations. On February 21, 1952, men’s figure skater Dick Button wins his second Olympic gold medal. Also, a "Nixon to China" moment has since become a metaphor to refer to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among their supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials. Commanded by British General Edmund Allenby, the Allied troops began the ...read more. President Richard Nixon -- together with his wife Pat and their entourage (including Dr Henry Kissinger) -- arrives in Peking (Beijing) airport at the beginning of his historic 1972 visit to the People's Republic of China. To avoid embarrassing Rogers, Lord was cropped out of all the official photographs of the meeting. About the opera Nixon in China. The Chinese clearly must have been puzzled by this, but they readily went along with this request.[4]. Almost as soon as the American president arrived in the Chinese capital, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong summoned him for a quick meeting. After his trip, the United States and the PRC governments issued the Shanghai Communiqué, a statement of their foreign policy views and a document that has remained the basis of Sino-American bilateral relations. The situation had changed dramatically since that time, though. Still mired in the unpopular and frustrating Vietnam War in 1971, Nixon surprised the American people by announcing a planned trip to the PRC in 1972. [9], President Nixon, his wife, and their entourage left the White House on February 17, 1972, spending a night in Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station, Oahu, Hawaii. Nixon seemed an unlikely candidate to thaw those chilly relations. Dwight D. Eisenhower made a state visit to Taiwan in 1960, during the period when the United States recognized the Republic of China government in Taipei as the sole government of China. However, the U.S. continued to maintain official relations with the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan and did not break off until 1979, when the U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC. The political pamphlet–arguably the most influential in ...read more, February 21, 1965: In New York City, Malcolm X, an African American nationalist and religious leader, is assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights. As an observer of the Mao–Nixon meeting, Lord noted: The meeting lasted for about an hour. Nixon’s audience with Mao, Pat Nixon’s excursions to factories and the Ming tombs: the synopsis of “Nixon in China” tracks history closely. In fact, Nixon was scheduled to travel to meet Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev shortly after completing his visit to China. Early in his first term, Nixon, through his National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, sent subtle overtures hinting at warmer relations to the PRC government. Nixon, and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger saw a unique opportunity in these circumstances—diplomatic overtures to the PRC might make the Soviet Union more malleable to U.S. policy requests (such as pressuring the North Vietnamese to sign a peace treaty acceptable to the United States). Nixon’s trip to China, therefore, was a move calculated to drive an even deeper wedge between the two most significant communist powers. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. After George ...read more, On February 21, 1961, Christian Karl Gerhartsreiter, a con man who went by the alias Clark Rockefeller and passed himself off as an American blueblood, is born in Germany. This meeting was arranged and facilitated by Pakistan through its strong diplomatic channels with China. Nixon in China offers a refreshing and new operatic experience infused with a unique upbeat, American sense of optimism and opportunity. She explains a little of what it feels like for a woman like her to be First Lady, and accepts a glass elephant from the workers at the Peking Glass Factory. The reason for opening up China was for the U.S. to gain more leverage over relations with the Soviet Union. Early in his first term, Nixon, through his National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, sent subtle overtures hinting at warmer relations to the PRC government. On July 15, 1971, the President shocked the world by announcing on live television that he would visit the PRC the following year. The score has all the element of grand opera – virtuosic singers, sweeping choruses, expansive orchestral colour and a gripping dance scene. Button captured his first gold prize at the 1948 Olympics, becoming the first American to ever take home the men’s title. Upon being introduced to Nixon for the first time, Mao, speaking through his translator, said to Nixon: "I believe our old friend Chiang Kai-shek would not approve of this". NASCAR racing will go on to become one of America’s most popular spectator sports, as well as a multi-billion-dollar industry. In the morning, Mrs. Nixon is ushered onstage by her party of guides and journalists. Nixon in China was for the sure the first opera ever to use a staged “media event” as the basis for its dramatic structure. U.S. President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to the People's Republic of China was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's resumption of harmonious relations between the United States and mainland China after years of diplomatic isolation. Max Frankel of The New York Times received the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting for his coverage of the event.[14]. By dealing with Russia and with China we hoped to put pressure on Hanoi to negotiate seriously. [6][7] Transcripts of White House meetings and once confidential documents show Nixon began working to open a channel of communication with Beijing from his first day in the White House. The next morning, February 21, at 7 am the Nixons left Guam for Shanghai. When the Communist Party of China gained power over mainland China in 1949 and the Kuomintang fled to the island of Taiwan, the United States allied with, and recognized, the Republic of China as the sole government of China. Mao was speaking, as he usually did, in simple brush strokes, whereas we were used to the formal, elegant and somewhat lengthy presentations of Zhou Enlai. Repercussions of the Nixon visit continue to this day; while near-immediate results included a significant shift in the Cold War balance—driving a wedge between the Soviet Union and China, resulting in significant Soviet concessions to the U.S.—the trip spawned China's opening to the world and economic parity with capitalist countries. The media presented Nixon communicating with Chinese government officials, attending dinners, and being accorded tours with other people of influence. Nixon in China is set in Beijing in 1972. As historian Walter LaFeber said, “Instead of using Vietnam to contain China, Nixon concluded that he had better use China to contain Vietnam.” For its part, the PRC was desirous of another ally in its increasingly tense relationship with the Soviet Union and certainly welcomed the possibility of increased U.S.-China trade. READ MORE: How Ping-Pong Diplomacy Thawed the Cold War, President Nixon arrives in China for talks, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nixon-arrives-in-china-for-talks. It was also clear that this man was tough, ruthless, and came from a peasant background, in contrast to the elegant, Mandarin quality of Zhou Enlai. From Shanghai, the Nixons traveled to Beijing. [11], They figured that it was humiliating enough that the National Security Adviser was with the President at this historic meeting, but the Secretary of State was not. The opera begins at the tarmac when Air Force One lands in China. One of the main reasons Richard Nixon became the 1952 vice-presidential candidate on the Eisenhower ticket was his strong anti-communist stance. Despite their claims of socialist solidarity, the PRC and North Vietnam were, at best, strongly suspicious allies. We could deal with Eastern Europe, of course, and we could deal with China because the former Communist Bloc was no longer a bloc. A detachment of Chinese troops marches on to the stage and sings a 1930s Red Army song, The Three Main Rules of Discipline and Eight Points of Attention. Before his election as president in 1968, former Vice President Richard Nixon hinted at establishing a new relationship with the PRC. Nixon in China was for the sure the first opera ever to use a staged "media event" as the basis for its dramatic structure.

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