The festivals provide entertainment of dance and song to add excitement to travelers during a stay in Lagos. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from several different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s and maintains membership in OPEC, which it joined in July 1971. [32][33] Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. In 1989, Babangida started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. The country has a judicial branch, with the highest court being the Supreme Court of Nigeria. In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40%, freeing up at least $1.15 billion annually for poverty reduction programmes. [201], Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa. English as a first language is used by only a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. The military carefully planned the return to civilian rule putting in place measures to ensure that political parties had broader support than witnessed during the first republic. While as of May 4, 2020, 40% of Nigerians live in poverty, this number still shows the growth of the developing country, with a previously counted 61% of the population living in poverty in 2012. [230] Nigeria was ranked 136 out of 182 countries in Transparency International's 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as "Pidgin" or "Broken" (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. On January 1, 1914, the British formally united the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The satellite transmitted songs and poems as an outreach project to generate Nigerian interest in science. [94] In 2012, Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since independence. [197][198][199], Islam dominates North Western Nigeria (Hausa, Fulani and others), with 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, and a good portion of Northern Eastern Nigeria (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups) Nigeria. The music is as varied as the audience itself and features a diverse mix of musical genres from rhythm and blues to soul, Afrobeat, hip hop, bebop, and traditional jazz. [237] Between 2011 and 2018, Boko Haram has been responsible for more than 37,000 deaths in the region. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC; French: Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime) is a United Nations office that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention by combining the United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division in the United Nations Office at Vienna. The Nigerian Military consists of an army, a navy, and an air force. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994, and 2013, and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. Later, the counter-coup of 1966, supported primarily by northern military officers, facilitated the rise of Yakubu Gowon as military head of state. [128] Nigeria had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.2/10, ranking it 82nd globally out of 172 countries. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military, and his coup failed, forcing him to flee. Nigeria’s 2020 Voluntary National Review (VNR) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focuses on the key issues of poverty (SDG-1) and an inclusive economy (SDG-8), health and wellbeing (SDG-3), Education (SDG-4), Gender equality (SDG-5), and the enabling environment of peace and security (SDG-16), and partnerships (SDG-17). [253] In Nigeria, at least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula, largely as a result of lack of medical care. His successor, Abdulsalam Abubakar, handed over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo the next year. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. UNICEF in Nigeria We work to promote the rights of children in Nigeria. Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major cities of the country. Women have less land rights. To learn more, including how to change your settings, see our cookies policy. To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the Mambilla Plateau, the highest plateau in Nigeria. [216] As of 2019[update], the infant mortality is 74.2 deaths per 1,000 live births. In 1983, the inspectors of the state-owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation began to notice "the slow poisoning of the waters of this country". Neither the Nigerian government nor Rosatom would disclose the specific locations of the sites, but it is believed that the nuclear plants will be sited in Akwa Ibom State and Kogi State. Aside from plant invaders, Rattus rattus and Avian influenza virus were also considered IAS in Nigeria. They are healthcare workers and innovators. [116] In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. In 2007, President Umaru Yar'Adua urged the country to embrace nuclear power in order to meet its growing energy needs. [86], Ahead of the general election of 2015, a merger of the biggest opposition parties – the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples Party (a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance), and the new PDP (a faction of serving governors of the ruling People's Democratic Party) – formed the All Progressives Congress. Nigeria's human rights record remains poor. As of 2019[update], the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49 was 1.5 percent. [100] Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. [10][11][12] The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa–Fulani in the north, Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east, together comprising over 60% of the total population. Critically acclaimed writers of a younger generation include Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani, Chris Abani, Sefi Atta, Helon Habila, Helen Oyeyemi, Nnedi Okorafor, Kachi A. Ozumba, Sarah Ladipo Manyika, and Chika Unigwe. [110][111], Nigeria has five cities with a population of over a million (from largest to smallest): Lagos, Kano, Ibadan, Benin City and Port Harcourt. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities,[204] as well as followers of the Baháʼí Faith.[205]. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. As of 1999, its 194,394 kilometres of road networks are the main means of transportation, of which 60,068 kilometres (37,325 mi) (including 1,194 km (742 mi) of expressways) are paved roads and 134,326 kilometres are unpaved roads of city, town and village roads. Nigeria's foreign policy was put to the test in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. [222], Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. The New Helmsmen. Since the end of the civil war in 1970, some ethnic violence has persisted. Nelson, P.H.H., Role of Reflection Seismic in Development of Nembe Creek Field, Nigeria, 1980, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Next to petroleum, the second-largest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad. British General Lord Frederick Lugard was tasked by the Colonial Office to implement the agenda. Nigeria poverty rates have gone down significantly in the 2010s because of economic growth. In 1903, the British victory in the Battle of Kano gave them a logistical edge in pacifying the heartland of the Sokoto Caliphate and parts of the former Bornu Empire. [250] Submission of the wife to her husband and domestic violence are common. Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, ". [93] There are three distinct systems of law in Nigeria: The Nigerian military is charged with protecting the Federal Republic of Nigeria, promoting Nigeria's global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts, especially in West Africa. Between 1990 and 2005, in total Nigeria lost 35.7% of its forest cover, or around 6,145,000 hectares. Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality,[261] infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms. Babangida survived the 1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt, then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992. [137], Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world, the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. It, like climate change, offers proof — if proof were still needed — that all life on Earth is connected. [152] Ogun is considered to be Nigeria's current industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there, followed by Lagos. [275], Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. The international community, which had been observing Nigerian elections to encourage a free and fair process, condemned this one as being severely flawed. By the middle of the 20th century, a great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. [62] The coup plotters wanted to replace Gowon's autocratic rule with a triumvirate of three brigadier generals whose decisions could be vetoed by a Supreme Military Council. KOFI A. ANNAN of Ghana, the seventh Secretary-General of the The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have plagued Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. It was equipped with 0.3 megapixel and 5 megapixel cameras, and with the rest of the satellite fleet took images of Nigeria. Lugard abolished the caliphate but retained the title sultan as a symbolic position in the newly organized Northern Nigeria Protectorate. [149] Lagos has become an important location for African and black cultural identity.[150]. After negotiations by the Nigerian authorities, in October 2005 Nigeria and its Paris Club creditors reached an agreement under which Nigeria repurchased its debt at a discount of approximately 60%. [121] However, very little is known about IAS in Nigeria, with most technical reports and literatures reporting fewer than 10 invasive plants in the country. Joshua's Emmanuel TV, originating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa. Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history. On October 1, 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first President and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus and carries a variety of transponders: four C-band; fourteen Ku-band; eight Ka-band; and two L-band. [273], There are many festivals in Nigeria, some of which date to the period before the arrival of the major religions in this ethnically and culturally diverse society. [115] To the southwest of the Niger is "rugged" highland. Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. [225] In lower levels of society, there are the "area boys", organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. Car manufacturing (for the French car manufacturer Peugeot as well as for the English truck manufacturer Bedford, now a subsidiary of General Motors), T-shirts, plastics and processed food. The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities is disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority.[112][183][184].
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